Chemical characteristics, functional properties and health benefits of Panax ginseng: An updated review

Abstract

Panax ginseng (C.A. Meyer) is a highly valued medicinal plant widely recognized for its bioactive compounds and health-promoting properties. The roots, leaves, and berries of P. ginseng contain a complex mixture of bioactive constituents, including ginsenosides, polysaccharides, polyacetylenes, flavonoids, peptides, and phenolic compounds. Ginsenosides, the primary pharmacologically active components, are triterpenoid saponins classified into protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) types based on their aglycone structures, with major forms including Rg1, Rb1, Re, Rc, and Rd. Other secondary metabolites, such as ginseng polysaccharides and polyacetylenes (e.g., panaxydol and panaxynol), contribute complementary antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. The chemical composition and concentration of these metabolites vary between plant parts and species, influencing their functional properties and therapeutic efficacy. Experimental studies have demonstrated that P. ginseng exhibits a wide range of biological activities. Its antioxidant properties mitigate oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and enhancing endogenous defense mechanisms. Ginseng also modulates immune responses by affecting macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and T and B lymphocytes, thereby supporting resistance to infections and improving immune regulation. Additionally, ginseng has been reported to enhance cognitive function, including memory, attention, and mood, while reducing mental fatigue and promoting overall vitality. Polysaccharides and ginsenosides contribute to metabolic regulation, including improved insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control. Emerging evidence also suggests potential anticancer benefits, with ginsenosides influencing cell cycle regulation, inhibiting abnormal cell proliferation, and mitigating chemotherapy-induced side effects. This review consolidates current knowledge on the chemical composition, functional properties, and health benefits of Panax ginseng. It emphasizes the need for high-quality standardized extracts and rigorous clinical studies to validate therapeutic effects and fully realize the medicinal potential of this traditional herb. © 2025 The Author(s)